Volume 6, No.1, 2016
(
Download Issue (EN) in PDF)
Anastasia O. Barannikova
THE PARACEL ISLANDS DISPUTE AND ROLE OF USA
Abstract
The article studies the long-term dispute over the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea, positions of claimants and the role of USA.
Keywords
South China Sea, the Paracel Islands, China, Vietnam, USA
References (click to expand/close)
Archipelago in the South China Sea, located between 15°46'N 111°11'E and 16°8'N 112°54' E.
До Хоа Бинь. Международно-правовые аспекты проблемы архипелагов Хоангша (Парасельские острова) и Чыонгша (острова Спратли): Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук. Московский государственный институт международных отношений МИД СССР. М., 1991.
The Battle of the Paracel Islands was a military engagement between the naval forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in the Paracel Islands on January 19, 1974. As a result of the battle, the PRC established de facto control over the Paracels.
The Johnson South Reef Skirmish of 1988, a naval battle that took place between Chinese and Vietnamese forces over Johnson South Reef in the Spratly Islands on 14 March 1988. Resulted in Chinese victory.
References to the islands appear in a number of books dating as far back as the Han Dynasty (206 BC‐220 AD) – Yiwu Zhi (Records of Rarities), Three Kingdoms Period (220–280) – Funan Zhuan (Journeys to and from Phnom), the Jin (265–410), Tang (618–907), Song (960–1279), Yuan (1271–1368), Ming (1368–1644), and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties. These include the Dao Yi Zhi Lue (Abridged Records of Islands and Barbarians) written by Wang Dayuan, and the Nanzhou Yuou Zhi (Records of Rarities in Southern Boundary) by Wan Zhen, Qiong Guan Zhi (Records of the Qiong Prefecture and its Jurisdiction). Reference to the islands can also be found in a number of maps, including the Hunyi Jiangli Lidai Guodu zhi Tu (Consolidated Map of Territories and Geography and Capitals of Past Dynasties), published during the Ming Dynasty, and the Geng Lu Bu (Road Map) of the Qing Dynasty. Zhu Fan Tu (Maps of the Various Barbarian Peoples) of the North Song Dynasty, the Zhu Fan Tu (Maps and Charts of the Various Barbarian Peoples, the North Song Dynasties), Hunyijiangli Hdai Guodu zhi Tu (Consolidated Map of Territories and Geography and Capitals of Past Dynasties (1402). Official records of the Ming Dynasty, such as Qiong Guan Gu Zhi (Ancient Records on the Jurisdiction of Qiongzhou Fu), also refer to Chinese jurisdiction over the Spratlys and Paracels. Qing-era records (e.g., Records of Wanzhou Subprefecture, Records of Qiongzhou Prefecture and Guangdong Tong Zhi (General Records of Guangdong Province)) likewise reflect that the South China Sea islands, including the sea areas surrounding the islands, were within the jurisdiction of Wanzhou. Source: https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/IOP-2014-U-008433.pdf; Jianming Shen, «Security Flashpoint: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation».
Evidence of Vietnamese sovereignty over the Paracel Islands can be found in the works of Do Ba in a series of maps of Vietnam in the third part of the Hong Duc Atlas, the 17th‐ century atlas — Toan Tap Thien Nam Tu Chi Lo Do Thu (Route Map from the Capital to the Four Directions, Other maps, documents, and publications cited by Vietnam include: Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên (1600–1775) (The Early Chapter of The Chronicles of Đại Nam); Đại Nam Thuc Luc Chinh Bien (relating to the subsequent period); Toản tập Thiên Nam tứ chí lộ đồ thư (1630–1653) (The Collection of the South’s Road Map); Giap Ngo Binh Nam Do (1774) (The Map for the Pacification of the South in the Giap Ngo Year); Phủ biên tạp lục (1776) (Miscellany on the Pacification at the Frontier); Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi (1821) (Classified Rules of the Dynasties); The Authentic Writings on Đại Nam (compiled between 1821 and 1844); Đại Nam Nhat Thong Toan Do (1838) (The Complete Map of the Unified Đại Nam); Kham Dinh Đại Nam Hoi Dien Su Le (1843‐1851) (The Đại Nam Administrative Repertory); Đại Nam thực lục chính biên (1848) (The Main Chapter of The Chronicles of Đại Nam); Đại Nam nhất thống chí–the geography and history of Đại Nam (The Record of The Unified Đại Nam) edited 1865‐1882;Hoàng Việt dư địa chí(1833) (Geography of The Viet Empire); Việt sử thông giám cương mục khảo lược (1876) (Outline of The Chronicles of The Viet History); and other official documents of the Nguyen Dynasty, as well as maps and documents made by other countries during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Source: https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/IOP-2014-U-008433.pdf; История островов Южно-Китайского моря. Составлено Д.В.Ершовым (www.damanski-zhenbao.ru) по материалам сайтов www.globalsecurity.org, www.425dxn.org/dc3mf/ (Wolfgang Schippke), а также по материалам книги «Les archipeles Hoang Sa et Truong Sa», Hanoi,1984.
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-southchinasea-idUSBRE87505N20120806
http://nationalinterest.org/feature/averting-deepening-us-china-rift-over-the-south-china-sea-13019?page=show
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1215680.shtml
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2011914/china-holds-joint-drills-show-maritime-strength-near
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1984916/china-hold-military-drills-paracel-islands-ahead-hague
http://thediplomat.com/2016/07/international-court-issues-unanimous-award-in-philippines-v-china-case-on-south-china-sea/
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1360540.shtml
This approach is described here: Smirnov S. Asia-Pacific Region and «western» model of collective security. Vladivostok, 2008.
Vladimir A. Lazarev
EXPANSION OF THE LIVING SPACE OF CHINA IN SOUTH CHINA SEA
Abstract
Article discusses the problem of expansion of living space of China. Contemporary situation in South China Sea where China tries to take control on over 90% of area forms the global threat to the stability in region. Efforts of world community are needed urgently to help the resolving and accommodation of multiple interstate contradictions in South China Sea.
Keywords
China policy, South China Sea, contradictions, disputed area.
References (click to expand/close)
China Claims A Big Backyard – available at http://www.southchinasea.org
Mosyakov D.V. Conflict in South China Sea and ways of decision. South-East Asia: Actual Problems of Development, № 21 / 2013, pp. 16–22.
U.S. Energy Information Administration, Publication South China Sea – available at https://www.eia.gov/beta/ international/ regions-topics.cfm?RegionTopicID=SCS
Nikolai I. Pereslavtsev
JAPANESE-KOREAN TERRITORIAL DISPUTE AND THE PROSPECTS FOR ITS RESOLUTION
Abstract
This article considers the reasons behind the dispute between Korea and Japan over the Liancourt (Dokdo/Takeshima) islands located in the Sea of Japan, makes a detailed analysis of the arguments and positions of each of the parties from a historical, legal and economic point of view, and suggests ways and means to solve the problem taking into account the interests of international cooperation and security in the region.
Keywords
Dokdo, Takeshima, Liancourt islands, Japan, Korean Peninsula, International Court of Justice.
References (click to expand/close)
Pamphlet of the Ministry of Foreign affairs of Republic of Korea «Dokdo is the territory of Korea» / Брошюра МИД Республики Корея «Токто – территория Кореи», URL: http://www.korea.net/pdfcontent/general/dokdo/2014_dokdo_Russian.pdf
«East Asia in disputes for oil and fish»/ «Восток Азии в спорах за нефть и рыбу», 01.02.2012, URL: http://www.pravda.ru/world/asia/fareast/01-02-2012/1106609-eastasia-1
«Ten arguments about Dokdo islands, distorted by Japan», pamphlet of North-East Asia history fund / Десять истин об островах Токто, искажаемых Японией», брошюра Фонда изучения истории СВА Республики Корея, URL: http://www.nahf.or.kr/Data/board_100/dokdo_Truth/Russian.pdf
«Once more about territorial disputes of Japan with China and Korea – Fund of strategic culture / «Ещё раз о территориальных спорах Японии с Китаем и Кореей» (II) – Фонд стратегической культуры, URL: http://m.fondsk.ru/news/2012/11/16/esche-raz-o-territorialnyh-sporah-japonii-s-kitaem-i-koreej-ii-17645.html
«Who? Dokdo!» / «Кто-кто? Токто!» // Российская газета, URL: http://www.rg.ru/2005/06/24/korea-ostrov.html
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea/Конвенция ООН по морскому праву 1982 г., URL: www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_r.pdf
«Liancourt, information from Wikipedia / «Лианкур», материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии, URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Лианкур.
Nikolai I. Pereslavtsev. «Korean-Japanese discord concerning the Liancourt Islands / Николай Переславцев «О корейско-японских разногласиях вокруг островов Лианкур», «Asia-Pacific Journal of Marine Science&Education», vol. 5, No.1, 2015, thematic issue «Russian Far East and Korean Peninsula», pp. 43–52.
Refutation concerning pamphlet about Dokdo, published by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Dokdo Research Center. Seoul / Опровержения по поводу рекламной брошюры о Докдо, изданной Министерством иностранных дел Японии. Исследовательский центр Докдо. Сеул, 26.08.2009 г., URL: http://www.dokdohistory.com/ru/ ?stctgr=5&stsqn=185&sopt=&stxt=&page=1&subject=&bmode=view&bidx=4
Liancourt islands / «Острова Лианкур», URL: http://subscribe.ru/archive/country.other.japan4russia/2012/08/27/120044.html
Dokdo is the native Korean territory, Russian-Korean Information agency «RusKor» / «Острова Токто – исконно корейская территория», российско-корейское ИА «Рускор», 30.11.2011, URL: http://www.ruskorinfo.ru/ expert_opinion/1171/?print=Y
«Official position of the Republic of Korea about Dokdo islands» / «Официальная позиция Республики Корея в вопросе принадлежности островов Токто», URL: http://nbenegroup.com/ territory/tocto_analit.html
«Official position of Japan about Takeshima islands» / «Официальная позиция Японии в вопросе принадлежности островов Такэсима», URL: http://www.nbenegroup.com/territory/takesima.html
«Position of Japan about Takeshima islands» / «Позиция Японии по островам Такэсима», URL: http://www.kz.embjapan.go.jp/others/takeshima.pdf 15. Potsdam Declaration, July 26, 1945, Chronos, history magazine / Потсдамская Декларация от 26 июля 1945 года, Хронос, исторический портал, URL: http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/194_dok/1945potsdam.php
Territorial problems in East Asia and the ways for their solution / Территориальные проблемы в Восточной Азии и пути их решения, URL: http://deita.ru/news/politics/13.03.2008/107290-territorialnye-spory-v-vostochnoj-azii-i-puti-ikh-reshenija/
«Territorial dispute» / Территориальный спор – Википедия, URL: https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Территориальный_спор 18. The problem of Takeshima islands. Territorial sovereignty of Japan over Takeshima islands / Проблема островов Такэсима. Территориальный суверенитет Японии над островами Такэсима, URL: www.ru.emb-japan.go.jp/territory/takeshima/issue.html 19. The problem of Japan’s south territories / Проблема южных территорий Японии, Газета.ру, Интернет-портал, URL: http://www.gazeta.ru/2003/01/09/ vrezterritor.shtml
There have been conducted military exercises in defense of Dokdo island with the landing of Navy special forces, October 25 / «Проведены учения по обороне острова Токто с высадкой спецподразделений ВМС», 25 октября 2013 г., URL:http://korean- news.org/index.php?category=army
San Francisco Treaty of piece, 1951 / Сан-Францисский мирный договор (1951), URL: http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Сан-Францисский договор.
Status and prospects for resolving territorial disputes between Japan and its neighbors: the Republic of Korea and the People's Republic of China / Состояние и перспективы решения территориальных споров между Японией и ее соседями: Республикой Корея и Китайской Народной Республикой, URL: http://www.perspektivy.info/misl/idea/ sostojanije_i_perspektivy_reshenija_territorialnyh_sporov_mezhdu_japonijej_i_jeje_sosedami_respublikoj_koreja_i_kitajskoj_narodnoj_respublikoj_2012-08-23.htm
«The starting point in 1945 – Japan’s surrender» / «Точка отсчета 1945 год – капитуляция Японии», URL: http://histrf.ru/uploads/media/default/0001/06/6c42484d0d6fcb6cd515893cbbb3b04282ba9fe0.pdf
Charter of the United Nations. International Court of Justice / Устав Организации Объединенных Наций. Международный суд. Документы на русском языке, интернет-портал, URL: www.icj-cij.org/homepage/ru/unchart.php
The pamphlet of Ministry of Japan «Takeshima’ / Брошюра МИД Японии «Takeshima», URL: www.ru.emb-japan.go.jp/territory/takeshima/pdfs/takeshima_pamphlet.pdf
«Sea of Japan», «Seas and oceans» / «Японское море», «Моря и океаны», Интернет-портал, URL: http://oceangid.blogspot.ru/2013/04/japonskoe-more.html
Treaty of Peace with Japan Signed in San Francisco, 8 September 1951, URL: www.taiwandocuments.org/ sanfrancisco01.htm
Peter Yu. Samoylenko
PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL TENSION IN NORTH-EAST ASIA AND PROSPECTS FOR RUSSIAN-JAPANESE COOPERATION: COMMUNICATIVE ASPECT OF TWO COUNTRIES’ DIALOGUE
Abstract
Article deals with the problems of modern Russian-Japanese relations. Author researches possible new ways of two countries’ cooperation, which lay beyond the traditional rhetoric in rather cool relations of Russia and Japan. Author proposes to use strategy of reciprocal interests and to develop international relations on the basis of key perspectives, which meet the interests of both countries. The main goal for Russia is widening of economic cooperation in Asia-Pacific region. The main goal for Japan is the settlement of territorial conflicts and contradictions with China and improvement of relations with North Korea. Using their strong features Russia and Japan can help and supplement each other in bilateral relations.
Keywords
Asia-Pacific, North East Asia, Russia, Japan, China, North Korea, territorial conflicts, international economic cooperation, Russian-Japanese relations, priority development areas, Porto-Franco, mutual interests, mass media.
References (click to expand/close)
Kolegova E.A. Reflection of the problem of the disputed Senkaku Islands (Diaoyudao) in Japanese mass media // Rossiya I ATR, 2014, №3, p. 14 / Колегова Е.А. «Отражение в японских средствах массовой информации проблемы спорных островов Сёнкаку (Дяоюйдао)» // Россия и АТР, 2014 г., №3, c. 14.
Krichevsky N. Priority development areas: the format problem/Кричевский Н. «Территории опережающего развития: проблема формата». URL: http://www.regcomment.ru/articles/territorii-operezhayushchego-razvitiya-problema-formata/
Kuzminkov V. The prospects of development of Russian-Japanese relations / Кузьминков В. «Перспективы развития российско-японских отношений» // «Свободная мысль». URL: http://svom.info/entry/472-perspektivy-razvitiya-rossijsko-yaponskih-otnoshen/
Kurile problem in Russian-Japanese relations / «Курильский вопрос в российско-японских отношениях». URL: https://www.foreignpolicy.ru/analyses/kurilskiy-vopros-v-rossiysko-yaponskih-otnosheniyah/
International terrorism in Asia-Pacific region / «Международный терроризм в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе». URL: http://www.center-bereg.ru/m506.html
Problems of strengthening security in Asia-Pacific region / «Проблемы укрепления безопасности в АТР». URL: http://idetperformance.com/sovremennye-mezhdunarodnye-otnosheniya/671-problemy-ukrepleniya-bezopasnosti-v-atr.html
Russian-Japanese relations yesterday and today / «Российско-японские отношения: вчера и сегодня». URL: http://www.ifes-ras.ru/massmedia/21/262-rossijsko-yaponskie-otnosheniya-vchera-i-segodnya
Russian-Japanese Relations: what lies ahead? URL: http://valdaiclub.com/opinion/highlights/russian_japanese_ relations_what_lies_ahead/
Sergey M. Smirnov
CONSIDERING THE CHANGING NATURE OF MARITIME BOUNDARY DISPUTES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
Abstract
The roots of maritime boundary disputes in SE Asia are not an easy subject for analysis. Originating from colonial rule, the situation in disputed areas deteriorated after the discovery of huge oil and gas reserves on the sea shelf. Today the climax of hydrocarbon race has passed but, new challenges appear urging ASEAN, China and other actors to take moves to protect vital interests and exercise sovereignty rights over strategically important maritime areas and sea routes of communications.
Keywords
maritime disputes, sovereignty, drone ships, terrorist threat.
References (click to expand/close)
Thomas J. Cutler, The Battle for the Paracel Islands, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD.
FAO. 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome
Tim Daiss. Why The South China Sea Has More Oil Than You Think // Forbes, 22/05/2016.
PCA Case № 2013-19 IN THE MATTER OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ARBITRATION. Available in PDF: PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf.
Смирнов C. М. Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион и «западная» модель коллективной безопасности. Владивосток: Морской гос. ун-т им. адм. Г. И. Невельского, 2008.
Lloyd's MIU Handbook of Maritime Security. Edited by Rupert Herbert-Burns, Sam Bateman, Peter Lehr. – CRC Press, Sep 24, 2008 – Law.
Tovey Alan. Crewless 'drone ships' will be sailing the seas by 2020 // The Telegraph, 11/04/2016.
‘Inland’ in SE Asia very often means ‘relatively big islands’ or sometimes even small islands and rocks rather than continental territory. Moreover, erection of artificial islands and reefs tends to become an important factor in regional geopolitical environment.
Cambodia signed but not ratified UNCLOS so far.
Oil rich Brunei, natural gas exporter Indonesia and to some extent, Malaysia are exceptions with China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan being the world’s greatest importers of energy resources.
According to a newer USGS study in 2010, there is a 95% chance that there is at least 750 million barrels of oil in the South China Sea Platform.
Boris I. Tkachenko
TERRITORIAL DISPUTES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA. THE SPRATLY ARCHIPELAGO
Abstract
The article examines the Spratly archipelago as one of the disputed areas of the South China Sea. Physico-geographical and historical essays on the Spratly archipelago are proposed. The current positions of China and Vietnam on the territorial jurisdiction of the Spratly archipelago are considered. The Spratly Islands are characterized as an object of multilateral international territorial dispute between Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines and Brunei. Economic and strategic importance of Spratly Islands is shown. The problems of delimitation of marine economic domains in the water area of the Spratly Islands are characterized.
Keywords
South China Sea, the Spratly Archipelago, territorial dispute, Treaty of San Francisco, China, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, international maritime law
References (click to expand/close)
Geographical encyclopedic dictionary. Geographical names. Second edition, additional. M., Soviet encyclopedia, 1989. p.573 / Географический энциклопедический словарь. Географические названия. Издание 2-е, доп. М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1989.
The history of Pacific war. In five volumes. Volume 5. Peace Treaty / Translation from Japanese. M., «Foreign literature» publishing, 1958, p. 339 / История войны на Тихом океане. В пяти томах. Том V. Мирный договор / Перевод с япон. языка. M.: Изд-во иностранной литературы, 1958.
International law. A collection of documents. M., «Juridical literature» publishing, 2000 / Международное право. Сборник документов. М.: Юридическая литература, 2000.
«Pravda». 1951. September 7 / «Правда». 1951. 7 сентября.
A Collection of foreign policy documents of PRC. Issue 2, Beijing, 1958 / Сборник документов внешней политики КНР. Вып. 2. Пекин, 1958.
Tkachenko B.I. Kurile Problem: history, legal right, politics, economic life. Vladivostok: Maritime State University, 2009 / Ткаченко Б. И. Курильская проблема: история, право, политика и экономика. Владивосток: Морской гос. ун-т, 2009.
Fu In. From historical point of view the islands in South China Sea are Chinese territory//China, Bejing, 2016, №8, p.18 / Фу Ин. Исторически острова в ЮКМ — это территория Китая // Китай. Пекин, 2016. № 8.
