Volume 6, No.2, 2016
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Galina I. Anzhina, Aleksandr N. Vrazhkin
LONG-TERM FORECAST OF THE POSITION OF THE ICE EDGE IN THE FAR EASTERN SEAS
Abstract
The study of ice condition in the Far-Eastern seas includes the following characteristics: formation; development and destruction of the ice; the ice period duration; the changes in maritime ice cover; ice concentration; the age types, forms, thickness of the ice; the presence of ice hummocks and snow cover; compression and rarefaction; landfast ice and ice drift. Since the end of 1970s the specialists in FERHRI are actively working on the development of methods for these characteristics.
There is a need for deep consideration of ice characteristics while performing practical and research tasks in water areas therefore it is desirable to improve the existing methods of ice research and long-term forecasting and to look for new ones, for example to expand the use of computer modeling. Since 2005 FERHRI (Department of long-term forecasts) experts are working in this direction, in order, for instance, to make forecasts for remote periods (more than 6 months) [1-5, 16]. Much of the accumulated positive experience has been used by the authors in this article.
This article presents the results of research work on the creation of new method of long-term forecasting of the position of the ice edge in the Far Eastern seas.
It is known that during the month the position of the ice edge may vary considerably. But even the picture of the average position of the ice edge during the ice period may allow to better plan their business activities on the seas.
Keywords
long-term forecast, ice edge, ice cover, predictors, accuracy of forecasts, ice regime of the sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan
References (click to expand/close)
1. Anzhina G.I., Vrazhkin A.N. Ensemble approach to the long-term forecasting of ice extent in the Sea of Bering with the forecast time more than 6 months, “60 years of FERHRI”, Vladivostok, “Dalnauka”, 2010, p.145-147//Анжина Г.И., Вражкин А.Н. Ансамблевый подход к долгосрочному прогнозу ледовитости Берингова моря с заблаговременностью более 6-ти месяцев, «ДВНИГМИ – 60 лет», Владивосток, «Дальнаука», 2010, c. 145–157
2. Anzhina G.I., Vrazhkin A.N. The ice extent in the Sea of Japan and method of forecast of its monthly average parameters with the most forecast time, “60 years of FERHRI”, Vladivostok, “Dalnauka”, 2010, p. 134-144//Анжина Г.И., Вражкин А.Н. Ледовитость Японского моря и метод прогноза ее средних месячных значений с большой заблаговременностью, «ДВНИГМИ – 60 лет», Владивосток, «Дальнаука», 2010, c. 134–144
3. Anzhina G.I., Vrazhkin A.N. Visual interpretation of the categorical forecasts of the ice extent in Far Eastern seas, “60 years of FERHRI”, 2012, issue 154, Vladivostok, “Dalnauka”, p. 91-100//Анжина Г.И., Вражкин А.Н. Визуальная интерпретация категорических прогнозов ледовитости дальневосточных морей, «Труды ДВНИГМИ», 2012, Вып.154, Владивосток, «Дальнаука», 2012, c. 91 – 100
4. Anzhina G.I., Vrazhkin A,N., Scherbinina T.P., Primachev E.V. Automated method of forecasting of average monthly ice extent in the Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Bering with forecast time up to one year, “Information bulletin №40”, 2013, M., Obninsk, p.80-96//Анжина Г.И., Вражкин А.Н., Щербинина Т.П., Примачев Е.В. Автоматизированный метод прогноза средней месячной ледовитости Охотского, Японского и Берингова морей с заблаговременностью до одного года, «Информационный сборник №40», 2013, М., Обнинск, ИГ- СОЦИН, 2013, c. 80 – 96
5. Anzhina G.I., Vrazhkin A.N. The background forecast with the most forecast time of the average monthly position of the ice edge in the water areas of Far Eastern seas, Anniversary issue “65 years of FERHRI”, Vladivostok, “Dalnauka”, 2015, p.124-143//Анжина Г.И., Вражкин А.Н. Фоновый прогноз с большой заблаговременностью среднего месячного положения кромки льда на акваториях дальневосточных морей, Юбилейный выпуск. «ДВНИГМИ – 65 лет», Владивосток, «Дальнаука», 2015, с. 124–143
6. Hydrometeorology and hydrochemistry of the seas, in 10 volumes, volume 10 “Sea of Bering”, Issue 1: Hydrometeorological conditions, St.Petersburg, “Gidrometeoizdat”, 1999, 344 p.//Гидрометеорология и гидрохимия морей, в 10 томах, том X: «Берингово море», Выпуск 1: Гидрометеорологические условия, СПб, «Гидрометеоиздат», 1999, 300 с.
7. Hydrometeorology and hydrochemistry of the seas, in 10 volumes, volume 9 “Sea of Okhotsk”, Issue 1: Hydrometeorological conditions”, St. Petersburg, “Gidrometeoizdat”, 1999, 344 p.// Гидрометеорология и гидрохимия морей, в 10 т. том IX: «Охотское море», Выпуск 1: Гидрометеорологические условия, СПб, «Гидрометеоиздат», 1999, 344 с.
8. Hydrometeorology and hydrochemistry of the seas, in 10 volumes, volume 8 “Sea of Japan”, Issue 1: Hydrometeorological conditions”, St. Petersburg, “Gidrometeoizdat”, 2003, 400 p.// Гидрометеорология и гидрохимия морей. В 10 т. Том VIII: Японское море. Выпуск 1: Гидрометеорологические условия. ― СПб: Гидрометеоиздат, 2003, 400 с.
9. Dumanskaya I.O. Method of long-term forecasting of ice conditions in the White Sea and Azov sea, “Research works of Russia’s Hydrometcenter”, 2011, Issue 345, p.83-104//Думанская И.О. Метод долгосрочного прогноза ледовых условий на Белом и Азовском морях, «Труды Гидрометцентра России», 2011, выпуск 345, с.83-104
10. Dumanskaya I.O. About methods of long-term forecasting of ice conditions in Russian European seas, “Meteorology and hydrology”, 2011, №11, p.64-76//Думанская И.О. О методике долгосрочного прогноза ледовых условий на европейских морях России, «Метеорология и гидрология», 2011, № 11, с. 64-76
11. Dumanskaya I.O. Method of long-term forecast of ice conditions in the Barent Sea, the Gulf of Finland and in the northern part of Caspian Sea, based on the use of statistical modeling, “Information Bulletin of Russian Hydrometeorological center”, 2015, №42, p.111-128//Думанская И.О. Метод долгосрочного прогноза ледовых условий в Баренцевом море, Финском заливе и в северной части Каспийского моря, основанный на использовании статистического моделирования, «Информационный сборник Гидрометцентра России», 2015, № 42, с.111-128
12. Zhezhko R.Ya., Tolmacheva M.A. About the method of detecting of informative predictors, “The Works of FERHRI”, 1990, issue 136, p.10-118 // Жежко Р.Я., Толмачева М.А. О способе выявления информативных предикторов, «Труды ДВНИГМИ», 1990, вып.136, с.110-118
13. Karakash E.S. About changeability of the position of the ice edge in the northern part of Caspian Sea and chances for its forecasting, “The Works of the State Oceangraphic Institute”, 1964, issue 76, p.80-103 // Каракаш Е.С. Об изменчивости положения кромки льда в Северном Каспии и возможности её предсказания, Труды ГОИН, 1964, выпуск. 76, с. 80-103
14. Methodical instructions “Implementation of production (operational) testing of the new and improved methods of hydrometeorological and helio-geophysical forecasts”, Enactment since 01.01.92, St.Pb., “Gidrometeoizdat”, 1991, 152 p. // Методические указания «Проведение производственных (оперативных) испытаний новых и усовершенствованных методов гидрометеорологических и гелиогеофизических прогнозов», РД 52.27.284-91, ввод в действие с 01.01.92, СПб.: «Гидрометеоиздат», 1991, 152 с.
15. Muravyev A.V., Kulikova I.A. The “ensemble” forecasts: methods, problems and prospects, “Meteorology and hydrology”, 2005, №3, p.5-23 // Муравьев А.В., Куликова И.А. Ансамбли прогнозов: методы, проблемы и перспективы, «Метеорология и гидрология», 2005, № 3, с. 5—23
16. Anzhina G.I., Vrazhkin A.N. Long-term forecasting Method of the ice cover in the Okhotsk sea using physical-statistical model, “Pacific Oceanography”, 2008, V. 4, №1―2, p. 45-49
Natalia G. Levchenko, Victoria F. Rychkova, Sergey M. Smirnov
THE USE OF FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK TECHNOLOGY FOR MANAGING TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS PROCESSES IN THE ARCTIC
Abstract
The article presents the background and reasons for introducing the automated information control systems for transport and logistics processes basing on fuzzy neural network technology. The use of such systems is feasible for the components of maritime transport control systems in which the reliability, timeliness and regularity of delivery of goods cannot be guaranteed due to the fuzziness of the initial information. The Arctic meets these criteria due to its severe and unpredictably changing weather and ice conditions, communication problems and insufficient hydrographic support. It is proposed to apply this method to create a vessel / cargo traffic management system along the Northern Sea Route. Such system can be a powerful tool for planning and operational control on condition that maximum number of input parameters is assessed and that highly skilled experts with a real hands-on experience in the Arctic are engaged in its development.
Keywords
information system for control & management, transport and logistics process, fuzzy neural network technology, Arctic
References (click to expand/close)
1. Sergey M. Smirnov. The Northern Sea Route: Strategic, Political and Economic Dimensions – Dimensions of the Northern Sea Route. //KMI International Journal of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. June 2015, Volume 7, Issue 1, pp.33-42
2. Simoniya, Nodari. (2013). Strategic Importance of Arctic Oil and Gas to Energy Security in the North Pacific. The Arctic in World Affairs. 2011 North Pacific Arctic Conference Proceedings. A Joint Publication of the Korea Transport Institute and the East-West Center, pp. 195-233
3. Levchenko, N.G. Modeling of Neuro-Network Based Information System for Managing Transport and Logistics Processes. // Marine Intellectual Technologies. Scientific Journal. – St.Petersburg: “Morintech”. Special Issue #3(29), Vol.1, 2015, pp. 156-164//Левченко, Н. Г. Моделирование информационной системы управления транспортно-логистическим процессом с применением нейросетевых технологий / Н.Г. Левченко // Морские интеллектуальные технологии. Научный журнал СПб.:НИЦ "МОРИНТЕХ", Спецвыпуск № 3(29) Т.1, 2015, c. 156-164
4. Borisov V.V., Kruglov V.V., Fedulov A.S. Fuzzy Models and Networks. – Moscow: “Goryachaya Line – Telecom”, 2007, 284 pp.//Борисов, В.В., Круглов, В.В., Федулов, А.С. Нечеткие модели и сети, М.: Горячая Линия-Телеком, 2007, 284с.
Vladimir S.Perechesov, Zafar H. Khaydarov
BIONIC CONTROL OF THE ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICE AND POSSIBILITY OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN SHIPBUILDING AND SHIP REPAIR INDUSTRY
Abstract
Mechanization of all production elements is the key to increasing its efficiency. Especially it is essential for labor intensive nature of the shipbuilding industry. The system allows mechanization of manual labor requiring physical efforts. Apparently, there are some disadvantages of using mechanisms with limited mobility. Specially designed carcass would allow its operator to manipulate with weight equal or exceeding the weight of the carcass via hydraulic actuators and other associated systems. Apart from production the system can be used to perform the other tasks when mobility and strength are required.
Keywords
bioelectric control, EMG signal (Electromyography), surface electrodes, myographic sensor, shipbuilding, ship repair industry.
References (click to expand/close)
1. Safin D., Pilscikov I., Urakcev M., Gusev V. Evaluation of different designs of electrodes and amplified bio-signals in prosthetics control systems, scientific article from the “Journal Proceedings of the higher educational institutes”, Volga region, Engineering issue, number 2/2009.
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Saangkyun Yi, Eunjin Lim
THE PATTERN OF THE NAMES OF THE SEA IN THE MASS MEDIA AND ITS PROPAGATION APECTS: A CASE OF THE SEA BETWEEN KOREA AND JAPAN IN THE FRANCOPHONE NEWSPAPERS AND BROADCASTERS
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the names used in the newspapers and broadcasters in Francophone countries except France by analyzing the newspaper articles and broadcast contents, and to illuminate how the names of the East Sea produced in France, and the discourse about the names was diffused in Francophone countries and what kind of influence they have in those countries.
This paper analyzed the current usage of the names of the East Sea, decision making process about the names, and diffusion process of the names from France to Francophone countries by studying the major news media in Francophone countries. This study selected Algeria in North Africa, Belgium and Luxembourg in West Europe and Quebec in Canada as the research areas. To find out the names of the East Sea used in the representative newspapers and broadcasters in research countries, this study collated the newspaper articles and broadcast contents, distinguished features by each country based on this, and identified the interconnectivity by comparing them with France. Building on this basic study, the principles were examined which were applied when map or designation managers of the newspapers and broadcasters through the interview with them. This paper focused on the pattern of the names in the Francophone countries, connectivity with France, and the channels of geographic information from France to the Francophone countries.
Today, it is widely known that Korea and Japan have engaged in a delicate diplomatic warfare around the world for the names of the East Sea, and many map-making agents tend to evade this sensitive issue.
As a result, while Algeria in North Africa and Luxembourg are showing inhospitality to the name of East Sea, Belgium and Quebec are taking a flexible attitude toward the name. Every Francophone countries are provided with press releases from AFP in France. The result shows that some media stick to the name ‘Sea of Japan’, though others demonstrate a will to use simultaneously two names.
Keywords
East Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Korea, Oriental Sea, AFP, Mass Media, Propagation, Francophone Media
References (click to expand/close)
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Nelly A. Sedova
PREVENTION OF SHIPS COLLISION IN EXCESSIVE PROXIMITY ZONE USING THE THEORY OF FUZZY SETS
Abstract
The model of preventing collisions of ships using the fuzzy set theory is described. The presented model consists of four input variables such as bearing, course of own ship and target ship, speed of target ship, and one output variable - change of own ship course. The procedure of preparing rule base of fuzzy productions comprising 525 rules is shown. A maneuvering board was used for the formation of each rule.
Keywords
bearing, own ship course, target ship course, maneuvering board, rules of preventing ships collisions at sea, fuzzy sets, linguistic variable
References (click to expand/close)
1. Nguen Kim Feuong (2006). Theoretical and experimental study of the rule 17: abstract of dissertation / Nguen Kim Feuong – Admiral Makarov State Naval Academy, St.Peterburg// Нгуен Ким Фыонг (2006). Теоретическое и экспериментальное исследование правила 17 МППСС-72: автореф. дис. канд. техн. наук: 05.22.19 // Нгуен Ким Фыонг, ГМА имени адмирала С.О. Макарова, Санкт-Петербург
2. Vaguschenko L.L., Vaguschenko A.A. (2010), Support of decisions on divergence with the vessels, Odessa: Fenix. // Вагущенко, Л.Л., Вагущенко, А.А. (2010) Поддержка решений по расхождению с судами, Одесса: Феникс
3. Leonenkov A.V. (2005) Fuzzy modeling in the environment MATLAB and FuzzyTECH, St.Peterburg // Леоненков, А.В. (2005) Нечеткое моделирование в среде MATLAB и FuzzyTECH, СПб.: БХВ-Петербурr
4. Registry book // Регистровая книга, главная страница Российского морского регистра судоходства, Электрон. данные, http://www.rs-head.spb.ru/ru/
5. Kokkroft A.N., Lamayer J.N.F. (1981) Коккрофт, А.Н., Ламейер, Дж. Н.Ф. (1981) Interpretation of MPPSS-72. Translation from English, Moscow, ‘Transport” Publishing house // Толкование МППСС-72. Пер. с англ. Н.Я. Брызгина и Н.Т. Шайхутдинова; под. ред. Н.Я. Брызгина. М.: Транспорт
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Nelly A. Sedova, Аndrey А. Dyomin
3D-MODELING OF A SURFACE VESSEL IN CINEMA 4D ENVIRONMENT AND PROGRAMMING WAVES SIMULATION IN UNREAL ENGINE 4
Abstract
The results of 3D-modeling of a small fishing boat performed in Cinema4d environment are presented. A fragment of the waves imitation program developed with the use of Unreal engine software is demonstrated. The developed software allows presenting visualization of the corresponding effect of wind in the high sea according to the user-selected Beaufort number.
Keywords
wind, perturbation, wave amplitude, wavelength, the slope of the wave, wave velocity, Beaufort scale, 3D-modeling, surface vessel, fishing boat.
References (click to expand/close)
1. The modeling of water surface//Моделирование водной поверхности, http://render.ru/books/show_book.php?book_id=832&com_start=20
2. Cinema 4D. The creation of water surfaces//Cinema 4D. Создание водных поверхностей. Статика и анимация, http://render.ru/books/show_book.php?book_id=950
3. Sedova N.A. Intellectual system of vessel’s automatic control (2009)/ Dissertation work, Admiral Nevelskoy Maritime State University, Vladivostok // Седова Н.А. Интеллектуальная система автоматического управления судном по курсу (2009), Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук / МГУ имени Невельского. Владивосток
4. WIP Weather & Ocean Water Shader, http: // Unrealengine.com, https://forums.unrealengine.com/showthread.php?42092-Community-WIP-Weather-amp-Ocean-Water-Shader-with-Downloads
5. General theory of measuring (2006), Training manual, D.Yu.Biryukov. Ekaterinburg, 100 p. // Общая теория измерений (2006), Учебное пособие, Д.Ю. Бирюков. Екатеринбург, ГОУ ВПО УГТУ-УПИ, 100 с.
Nelly A.Sedova, Vasiliy A.Titarenko
3D-MODELING OF A SURFACE VESSEL AND FLUCTUATIONS IN THE OPEN SEA IN BLENDER ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
The results of 3D-modeling of a small fishing boat and different wind and wave conditions performed in «Blender» environment are presented. A fragment of developed software is demonstrated which allows presenting visualization of the corresponding effect of wind in the high sea according to the user-selected Beaufort number.
Keywords
wind, perturbation, Beaufort scale, 3D-modeling, surface vessel, fishing boat, 3D-scene, computer application, Blender, Delphi.
References (click to expand/close)
1. General theory of measuring (2006). Training manual/D.Yu.Biryukov, Ekaterinburg, 100 p. // Общая теория измерений (2006), Учебное пособие, Д.Ю. Бирюков. Екатеринбург: ГОУ ВПО УГТУ-УПИ, 100 с.
2. Blend4Web: Manual for user, JSC “Triumph”, https://www.blend4web.com/pub/b4w_manual_ru.pdf
3. The creation of realistic sea in Blender// Computer graphics and photo, URL: http://ivladislaw.com.ua/ru/создание-реалистичного-моря-в-blender
4. James Chronister, Blender Basics: manual // 3-d еdition: http://sigma-server.com/b3D_files/BlenderBasics-rus.pdf
5. Blend4Web: Manual for user, https://www.blend4web.com/pub/b4w_manual_ru.pdf
6. Prakhov A.A. Tutorial Blender 2.6 St. Peterburg: “BHV-Peterburg”, 2013, - 384 p.//Прахов А. А. Самоучитель Blender 2.6. – СПб., БХВ-Петербург, 2013, 384 с.
7. Klimenko T.S., Illarionov A.V., Milovanov M.A. The appearance of educational complex for training operators of remote-controlled unmanned underwater vehicles//Problems of development of shipboard weapons and vessel’s radio-electronic equipment, 2014, v.1, №3, p.83-84 // Клименко Т.С., Илларионов А.В., Милованов М.А. Облик учебно-тренировочного комплекса для подготовки операторов телеуправляемых необитаемых подводных аппаратов, Проблемы развития корабельного вооружения и судового радиоэлектронного оборудования, 2014, т. 1, № 3, c. 83-94.
8. The modeling of U-Boat in Blender: answers to questions on the program “Blender” // Моделирование подводной лодки в Blender: ответы на вопросы по программе Blender, http://blender-empire.ru/blender-tutorial/3D-modeling/modelirovanie-podvodnoj-lodki-v-blender.html
9. Sedova N.A. Intellectual system of vessel’s automatic control (2009), Dissertation work, Admiral Nevelskoy Maritime State University, Vladivostok // Седова Н.А. Интеллектуальная система автоматического управления судном по курсу (2009), диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук, МГУ им. адм. Г.И. Невельского. Владивосток
Valentin V. Sergienko
Practical implementation and experience of application of new methods in project’s marine components during construction of the bridge to Russky Island across Eastern Bosphorus Strait in 2008-2012
Abstract
This is the second part of the big article, which considers various problems of implementation of project’s marine component during construction of the bridge to Russky Island in Vladivostok. The author was a key figure in these processes and tells about them on the base of personal experience. Part 1 of the material has been published in “Asia-Pacific Journal of Marine Science&Education” in 2015 (vol.5, no.2)
Keywords
floating system, marine component, tug-boat, buoy ropes, floating ring, mooring (“dead”) anchors”, Eastern Bosphorus Strait, mooring buoys
Vladimir F. Verevkin, Yevgeniy E. Butyayev
THE ARCTIC IS BECOMING CLOSER…
Abstract
The development of Northern territories requires the using of modern vessels of active ice navigation powered by electric propulsion equipment. The main features that contributed to the use of electric propulsion are: excellent thrust, high maneuverability, good adaptability to various conditions of navigation. In the Soviet Union, the icebreaker fleet in the Far East basin consisted of up to 40 electric propulsion icebreakers and vessels of high Arctic class capable of active ice navigation.Then the number of them lessened due to which the transportation of goods to the North began to decline.
The situation began to change when the newest vessels powered by electric propulsion (icebreakers, tankers, gas-carriers, container ships) started operations in the Far Eastern basin. All this takes place within the framework of state programs.
The specialists for electric propulsion vessels are trained in several Russian universities, including Admiral Nevelskoy Maritime State University.
Keywords
icebreaker, electric propulsion vessel, electric podded azimuth thruster, electric engineer
References (click to expand/close)
1. The attraction of the Arctic: from medieval Russia to the present time, M., 2013, 222 p.// Притяжение Арктики: от поморов до наших дней, М., 2013, 222 с.
2. Verevkin V.F. Electric propulsion vessels, Vladivostok, Admiral Nevelskoy Maritime State University, 2006, 134 p.//Веревкин В.Ф. Электроходы на Дальнем Востоке, Владивосток, МГУ имени Невельского, 2006, 134 с.
3. Andreev A.A. Year-round navigation across the Northern Sea route – challenges and solutions, The Bulletin of Sovcomflot, 2015, 04 (45), p.6-7//Андреев А.А. Круглогодичная навигация по трассам Северного морского пути – задачи и решения,«Вестник СКФ», 2015, 04 (45), с.6-7
4. Design – project of a nuclear ship “Leader”, “Shipbuilding”, №5, 2015, p/12//Дизайн-проект атомохода «Лидер», «Судостроение», №5, 2015, с.12
5. There was adopted the state program “Development of shipbuilding in 2013-2030, “Shipbuilding”, 2013, №1, p.1-13//Утверждена государственная программа «Развитие судостроения на 2013-2030 годы», «Судостроение», 2013, №1, с.11-13
Boris I. Tkachenko
TERRITORIAL DISPUTES IN SOUTH CHINA SEA: THE TONKIN GULF
Abstract
The article tells about the Tonkin Gulf as one of areas of territorial disputes in South China Sea, offers physical-geographical and historical descriptions shows economic and strategic value of this area, especially exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. The Tonkin Gulf is considered as object of bilateral territorial dispute between People's Republic of China and Vietnam. The current positions of China and Vietnam concerning a belonging of resources of the Tonkin Gulf are considered.
Keywords
South China Sea, the Tonkin Gulf, territorial dispute, China, Vietnam, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, international maritime law.
References (click to expand/close)
1. Geographical encyclopedic dictionary. Geographical names. Second edition, additional]. Moscow, Sovietskaya encyclopedia Publ., 1989// Географический энциклопедический словарь. Географические названия. Издание 2-е, доп. М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1989
2. Tonkin Gulf, http://geosfera.org/aziya/1142-tonkinskiy-zaliv.html
3. Tonkin, also Bak-kee (Vietnam.) – historical-geographical area of Northern Vietnam.
4. For comparison: at the conclusion in 1867 Contracts between Russia and the North American United States about a concession of the Russian North American colonies the belonging of islands in the Bering and Chukchi Seas has been similarly determined. Look: the Contract between Russia and the USA, on March 18/30, 1867 // Болховитинов Н. Н. Русско-американские отношения и продажа Аляски. 1834–1867 [Bolhovitinov N. N. The Russian-American relations and sale of Alaska. 1834–1867]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1990
5. The review of the Vietnamese-Chinese relations, http://geosfera.org/aziya/1142-tonkinskiy-zaliv.html://www.vnemba.org.cn
6. Peter Kien-hong Yu. Solving and Resolving the East China Sea Dispute: Beijing’s Options // The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. XVII, No. 3, Winter of 2005.
7. The Vietnamese-Chinese border, traditional and modern co-operation for the world, friendship, stability and development, http://www.qdnd.vn
8. Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Seas, Exclusive Economic Zones and Continental Shelves of the Two Countries in Beibu Gulf/Bac Bo Gulf // CIL Selected Documents on Joint Development and the South China Sea. pp. 81–84, http://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/CIl-Selected-Documents-on-Joint-Development-and-the-South-China-Sea.pdf
9. Dr. Stein Tonnesson, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Do the Sino-Vietnamese Tonkin Gulf agreements show ways forward in the South China Sea? // 7th Berlin Conference on Asian Security (BCAS). Territorial Issues in Asia. Drivers, Instruments, Ways Forward. Berlin, July 1–2, 2013. Conference organized by Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), Berlin and Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS), Berlin. Discussion Paper. Session II: Resources (Energy, Fishing) and Maritime Law
